Third Person Singular (He / She / It)

The Golden Rules of Spelling

When do we add -s? When do we add -es? And what happens to y? Let's master the details.

1. The General Rule

For most verbs in English, we simply add -s to the base form.

Note This includes verbs ending in -e (like love or hate). Just add s.
Standard Verbs + s
work
works
eat
eats
live
lives
read
reads
write
writes
sit
sits
sleep
sleeps
drink
drinks
love
loves

2. The "Hissing" Sounds

If a verb ends in a sound like shhh, chhh, sss, or zz, we cannot just add 's' because it's too hard to say.

Pronunciation Tip We pronounce the -es ending as an extra syllable: /ɪz/.
wash-es, mix-es
Ends in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o + es
-SS like snake sounds
miss misses
kiss kisses
pass passes
-SH like "quiet"
wash washes
push pushes
finish finishes
-CH like "chips"
watch watches
teach teaches
catch catches
-X & -O
fix fixes
mix mixes
go goes

3. The Tricky "Y"

Look at the letter before the Y. It changes everything.

Consonants: b, c, d, f, g, l, r, s, t...

Vowels: a, e, i, o, u

A

Consonant + y

Cut the y and add -ies.

study

studies
fly

flies
try

tries
cry

cries
worry

worries
marry

marries
B

Vowel + y

Do NOT change the y. Just add -s.

play plays
enjoy enjoys
buy buys
say says
stay stays
destroy destroys
Never write: plaies, enjoies

The Irregulars

Have
Has
Be
Is
Do
Does
Go
Goes

Common Mistakes

studys studies
havs has
gos goes
watchs watches

Spelling Challenge

Type the correct 3rd person singular form (he/she/it).

study Correct!
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